Which of the following eras is known as the 'Age of Reptiles'? MCQ with Answer and Explanation

Explanation:
In primary succession on a bare, lifeless rock (xerosere), the pioneer species are usually lichens (a symbiotic association of fungi and algae or cyanobacteria). Lichens can survive in harsh, dry conditions and secrete acids that slowly weather the rock, contributing to soil formation. Once a thin layer of soil is formed, mosses can colonize, followed by herbs, grasses, shrubs, and eventually a climax forest community.

Explanation:
Amoebic dysentery (amoebiasis) is characterized by bloody, mucus-containing stools, caused by Entamoeba histolytica, transmitted through contaminated food/water. Malaria is Plasmodium, sleeping sickness Trypanosoma, leishmaniasis Leishmania.

Explanation:
Ion exchange chromatography separates proteins based on their net surface charge; positively charged proteins bind to cation exchangers, negatively to anion exchangers. Gel filtration separates by size, affinity by specific binding, SDS-PAGE by molecular weight.