Which part of the human brain controls involuntary functions like breathing and heartbeat? MCQ with Answer and Explanation

Explanation:
Ethology is the branch of biology that deals with the scientific and objective study of animal behavior, usually with a focus on behavior under natural conditions. Ecology studies ecosystems, Entomology studies insects, and Eugenics deals with the improvement of human genetic traits.

Explanation:
Human somatic cells have 46 chromosomes: 44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes (XX or XY). Sperm cells are haploid (n=23), containing 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome (either X or Y). The ovum also has 22 autosomes and one X. Fertilization restores 44 autosomes plus XX or XY. So sperm has 22 autosomes.

Explanation:
The Bohr effect describes how an increase in pCO2 or a decrease in pH (increase in H+) reduces hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen, shifting the oxygen dissociation curve to the right and promoting oxygen unloading. Conversely, in the lungs, where pCO2 is low and pH is relatively higher (more alkaline), the Bohr effect works in reverse: hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen increases, facilitating the loading (binding) of oxygen to hemoglobin. The Haldane effect describes the reciprocal relationship for CO2 transport.