In PH₃, phosphorus forms three covalent bonds with three hydrogen atoms, so its valency is 3. It has one lone pair. Its electronic configuration is 2,8,5; shares three electrons.
Explanation:
Fluorine is the most electronegative element (Pauling scale 3.98). Electronegativity increases across a period and decreases down a group. Hence F > O > Cl > N.
Explanation:
In the ammonium ion (NH₄⁺), the nitrogen atom in ammonia (NH₃) shares its lone pair of electrons with a hydrogen ion (H⁺) which has no electrons. This type of bond, where both shared electrons are donated by a single atom, is a coordinate covalent (dative) bond.
Explanation:
In any electrochemical cell, the anode is defined as the electrode where oxidation (loss of electrons) takes place, and the cathode is where reduction (gain of electrons) occurs. In an electrolytic cell, the anode is positively charged, attracting anions which then lose electrons.
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