Which of the following contains ionic, covalent, and coordinate bonds? MCQ with Answer and Explanation

Explanation:
Ionization energy generally increases across a period due to increasing nuclear charge and decreasing atomic size. Among Na, Mg, Al, and Si (Period 3), Si has the highest effective nuclear charge and smallest size, thus requiring the maximum energy to remove the outermost electron from its gaseous state.

Explanation:
Petroleum (crude oil) is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons including alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatics, and smaller amounts of other compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen. It is separated into fractions by fractional distillation.

Explanation:
Reactivity series order: Na > Zn > Fe > Cu. Sodium (alkali metal) is extremely reactive, reacting violently with water. Copper is low in the series, hence used for water pipes.