Which of the following scientists is known for the discovery of the proton?
A. Eugen Goldstein
B. Ernest Rutherford
C. J. J. Thomson
D. James Chadwick
Answer: Option B
Solution (By JKExamLibrary)
Ernest Rutherford is generally credited with the discovery of the proton in 1919 through the nuclear reaction: ¹⁴N + α particle → ¹⁷O + proton. Eugen Goldstein earlier observed canal rays (positive rays) which were later identified as protons by Rutherford. Thomson discovered electron, Chadwick neutron. So Rutherford is the accepted discoverer.
Explanation:
Sodium lauryl sulfate (CH₃(CH₂)₁₁OSO₃Na) is a synthetic detergent with a sulfate group. Sodium stearate and potassium palmitate are soaps (carboxylate salts). Calcium oleate is soap scum.
Explanation:
A bomb calorimeter burns a known mass of fuel in excess oxygen inside a sealed bomb immersed in water. The temperature rise of water is measured to calculate heat released. Thermometer is part of it but not the device itself.
Explanation:
Nickel (finely divided) is used as a catalyst in the hydrogenation of unsaturated vegetable oils to saturated fats (vanaspati ghee). The reaction adds H₂ across double bonds. Platinum and palladium are also hydrogenation catalysts but nickel is cheaper and industrially preferred. Fe is used in Haber process for ammonia synthesis, V₂O₅ in contact process for H₂SO₄. Catalysts provide an alternative pathway with lower activation energy.
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