Synthetic detergents (like alkyl sulfates or sulfonates) form soluble calcium and magnesium salts, so they lather well even in hard water. Soaps form scum. Detergents are usually derived from petrochemicals, can be non-biodegradable if branched, and may cause pollution.
Explanation:
Nitric acid (HNO₃) was called aqua fortis (strong water) due to its ability to dissolve metals like silver (except gold). Oil of vitriol is H₂SO₄; muriatic acid is HCl.
Explanation:
Vulcanization cross-links rubber polymer chains with sulfur bridges, improving elasticity, strength, and durability. Invented by Charles Goodyear. It converts raw rubber into useful form.
Explanation:
Cu + 4HNO₃ (conc.) → Cu(NO₃)₂ + 2NO₂ + 2H₂O. Dilute HNO₃ gives NO instead of NO₂. Copper does not produce H₂ with HNO₃ because HNO₃ is an oxidizing acid.
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